Thermodynamic Computing Advances with Design and Training
Modern computing requires energy: a single Google search, for example, consumes enough energy to power a six-watt LED for three minutes. This is partly because computers must contend with thermal noise — that is, the vibration of charge carriers, mostly electrons, within electronically conductive materials. In classical computers, even the smallest devices, such as transistors and gates, operate at energy scales thousands of times larger than that of this vibration. This difference in scale between signal and noise enables the consistent output that makes computation possible, but it comes at an energy cost: classical computers require large amounts of power to work reliably and operate far above the threshold of thermodynamic efficiency. Both classical and quantum computing seek to eliminate or tamp down thermal noise. But thermodynamic computing, a branch of unconventional computing, inverts the paradigms of both and uses those same fluctuations as its power source. This drastically ...